تمرینات دستور زبان II-2
CHAPTER 8
1. Make up your own comparisons, using the pronouns he, she and I with the adjectives given below. For example:
brave
She is as brave as a lion.
stubborn
He was as stubborn as a mule.
1. Strong
2. Beautiful
3. Slow
2. The following table gives the ages of five children:
|
Child’s Name |
Age (years) |
|
Ruth |
18 |
|
Angela |
12 |
|
Tom |
6 |
|
May |
3 |
|
Joe |
1 |
Write sentences comparing the ages of the children in each of the pairs indicated below. Use expressions such as twice, three times, four times, five times, one-half, one-third and one-quarter. For example:
Ruth and Tom
Ruth is three times as old as Tom.
Angela and Tom
Angela is twice as old as Tom
May and Angela
May is one-quarter as old as Angela.
1. Angela and May
2. Tom and May
3. Tom and Angela
4. Ruth and May
5. Tom and Ruth
3. Rewrite each of the following sentences as a comparison, using the word or words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
He has a heavy workload. (Tom)
He has as heavy a workload as Tom.
She was a good actress. (her cousin)
She was as good an actress as her cousin.
They are talented musicians. (their parents)
They are as talented musicians as their parents.
1. She is a skilled carpenter. (her father)
2. Terry is an efficient manager. (Kay)
3. They are wonderful performers. (their predecessors)
4. He won a prestigious prize. (his competitor)
5. The white hens are good layers. (the brown ones)
4. Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with the subjective case of the personal pronoun indicated in brackets, followed by the form of the Simple Present of the verb to be which agrees with the pronoun. For example:
I am as clever as _____. (he, him)
I am as clever as he is.
They are as curious as ______. (us, we)
They are as curious as we are.
1. We are as proud as _____________. (they, them)
2. Henrietta is as silly as _____________. (your, you)
3. They are as confident as _____________. (her, she)
4. Amanda is as surprised as _____________. (I, me)
5. I am not as patient as ___________. (he, him)
5. Paying attention to the correct spelling, complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the comparative forms of the adjectives shown in brackets. For example:
This room is ______ than that one. (warm)
This room is warmer than that one.
This sand is _____ than that sand. (fine)
This sand is finer than that sand.
My towel is _____ than yours. (dry)
My towel is drier than yours.
The grass is ______ than it was yesterday. (wet)
The grass is wetter than it was yesterday.
There are _____ people here than I expected. (few)
There are fewer people here than I expected.
Her room is ______ than mine. (neat)
Her room is neater than mine.
1. The village is ____________ than the city. (pretty)
2. This building is ____________ than the one next to it. (big)
3. Your watch is ____________ than mine. (slow)
4. Her roses smell ____________ than ours. (sweet)
5. The corner store is ____________ than the supermarket. (close)
6. The temperature is ____________ today than it was yesterday. (high)
7. His cat is ____________ than yours. (fat)
6. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the comparative forms of the irregular adjectives given in brackets. For example:
Pam is a ______ student than Roger. (good)
Pam is a better student than Roger.
His cough is _____ than yours. (bad)
His cough is worse than yours.
1. I have ___________ eggs than I need. (many)
2. The bread tastes even ___________ than the rolls. (good)
3. She does not want to travel ____________ than necessary. (far)
4. Alice drinks ___________ coffee than Jerry does. (little)
5. We have ___________ honey than we need. (much)
7. The following table gives the ages and heights of five children:
|
Child’s Name |
Age (years) |
Height (centimeters) |
|
Nancy |
16 |
150 |
|
Dick |
15 |
160 |
|
Lorne |
12 |
140 |
|
Sara |
8 |
110 |
|
Barbara |
7 |
115 |
Following the model of the examples, write sentences comparing the age or height of the children in each of the following pairs. For example:
Dick and Lorne (age)
Dick is older than Lorne.
Lorne and Dick. (height)
Lorne is shorter than Dick.
Sara and Dick (age)
Sara is younger than Dick.
Dick and Sara (height)
Dick is taller than Sara.
1. Nancy and Dick (age)
2. Dick and Nancy (height)
3. Nancy and Lorne (age)
4. Lorne and Nancy (height)
5. Sara and Lorne (age)
8. Rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form of the adjective, and the word than. For each sentence, use the word or words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
Tracy is a fast worker. (I am)
Tracy is a faster worker than I am.
He is a kind person. (his brother is)
He is a kinder person than his brother is.
Bob is a good student. (Tom)
Bob is a better student than Tom.
1. She is a fine musician. (her cousin is)
2. He has a strong voice. (he used to have)
3. This chair has short legs. (that one does)
4. We are having a hot summer. (you are)
5. She is a good doctor. (her friend is)
9. Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with the subjective case of the personal pronoun indicated in brackets, followed by the form of the Simple Present of the verb to be which agrees with the pronoun. For example:
She is luckier than ____. (I, me)
She is luckier than I am.
We are faster than ________. (them, they)
We are faster than they are.
1. She is older than _____________. (we, us)
2. They are slower than _____________. (him, he)
3. He is fatter than _____________. (me, I)
4. You are stronger than _____________. (they, them)
5. We are younger than _____________. (her, she)
10. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which the comparative form of the adjective is repeated. For example:
The wind is becoming increasingly strong.
The wind is becoming stronger and stronger.
The bag seemed to grow increasingly heavy.
The bag seemed to grow heavier and heavier.
1. The sky is growing increasingly dark.
2. The grass is becoming increasingly green.
3. Our hands became increasingly dirty.
4. The situation is growing increasingly bad.
5. Their opponents are growing increasingly weak.
11. Paying attention to the correct spelling, complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives shown in brackets. For example:
He is the _______ runner on the team. (fast)
He is the fastest runner on the team.
Have you heard the ______ news? (late)
Have you heard the latest news?
They are the _______ people I know. (lazy)
They are the laziest people I know.
This is the _______ part of the day. (hot)
This is the hottest part of the day.
The black horse was the _______ horse in the race. (slow)
The black horse was the slowest horse in the race.
She is the _______ student in the class. (poor)
She is the poorest student in the class.
1. This is the _____________ highway in the country. (wide)
2. That was the _____________ sunset I have ever seen. (red)
3. Yesterday was the _____________ day of the year. (cold)
4. This is the _____________ way to do it. (easy)
5. The kitchen is the _____________ room in the house. (clean)
6. This is the _____________ model currently available. (new)
12. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the superlative forms of the irregular adjectives shown in brackets. For example:
Pam is the ____ student in the class. (good)
Pam is the best student in the class.
That is the _____ essay I have ever read. (bad)
That is the worst essay I have ever read.
1. This is the ____________ we have ever traveled in one day. (far)
2. Their farm has produced the _____________ tomatoes. (many)
3. Our strawberries have the _____________ flavor. (good)
4. He ate the _____________ jam. (little)
5. That is the _____________ news I have heard yet. (bad)
6. She has the ______________ cheese. (much)
13. The following table gives the age, height, and weight of each child in a group of eight children, together with the amount of money possessed by each child. The highest and lowest numbers in each column have been underlined.
|
Child’s Name |
Age (years) |
Height (cm) |
Weight (kg) |
Money (dollars) |
|
Denise |
12 |
140 |
40 |
90 |
|
Ted |
11 |
154 |
43 |
70 |
|
Ray |
10 |
135 |
45 |
25 |
|
Bev |
9 |
130 |
42 |
100 |
|
Carl |
8 |
125 |
35 |
10 |
|
Amber |
7 |
115 |
28 |
30 |
|
Victor |
6 |
110 |
32 |
20 |
|
Sally |
5 |
112 |
29 |
15 |
Following the model of the examples, complete the rest of the sentences, indicating which is the youngest, shortest, heaviest, lightest, richest, and poorest child in the group. For example:
Denise is
Denise is the oldest child in the group.
Ted is
Ted is the tallest child in the group.
1. Ray is
2. Bev is
3. Sally is
14. Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the adjective to the superlative form, and using the definite article the. Use the words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
This is a cold room. (in the house)
This is the coldest room in the house.
That is a good example. (he could find)
That is the best example he could find.
1. This is an old house. (on the street)
2. That is a large store. (in the city)
3. This is a cool evening. (we have had this week)
4. He is a kind man. (I know)
5. This is a fine view. (in the area)
CHAPTER 9
1. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the comparative form of the adjective indicated in brackets. For example:
They are ___________ than they used to be. (careful)
They are more careful than they used to be.
1. Wool is _______________ than cotton. (resilient)
2. He is _______________ than I had expected. (excited)
3. She is a _______________ scholar than her sister is. (diligent)
2. Paying attention to which adjectives form the comparative with the adverb more and which form the comparative with the ending er, fill in the blanks with the comparative forms of the adjectives indicated in brackets. For example:
The clothes are _____ than I had expected. (dry)
The clothes are drier than I had expected.
Walter Scott is __________ than Walter Brooks. (famous)
Walter Scott is more famous than Walter Brooks.
1. The pears are _______________ than the plums. (hard)
2. The roses are ______________ than the nasturtiums. (beautiful)
3. The tomatoes are _______________ than the apples. (expensive)
4. My bicycle is _______________ than yours. (new)
5. Cold lemonade is _______________ than water. (refreshing)
3. Paying attention to which adjectives form the comparative with the adverb more and which form the comparative with the ending er, rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, in the manner indicated by the examples. Use the words given in brackets as the second parts of the comparisons. For example:
Collies have long hair. (dalmations do)
Collies have longer hair than dalmations do.
He is an experienced architect. (we thought)
He is a more experienced architect than we thought.
1. Terry is a good cook. (I am)
2. That is a complex question. (you realize)
3. My puppy has big feet. (yours does)
4. It was a difficult decision. (you might think)
5. That is a sandy part of the beach. (this is)
6. He runs a successful business. (his father did)
4. Paying attention to which adjectives form the comparative with the ending er and which form the comparative with the adverb more, rewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which the word more or the comparative form of the adjective is repeated. For example:
The water grew increasingly warm.
The water grew warmer and warmer.
I became increasingly impatient.
I became more and more impatient.
1. The rain became increasingly heavy.
2. The crowd grew increasingly enthusiastic.
3. We became increasingly uneasy.
4. Manufacturing companies were becoming increasingly large.
5. The weather grew increasingly bad.
5. Rewrite each of the following sentences as comparisons, using the form of the adjective with less and the word than. For each sentence, use the words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
The plot of the movie was predictable. (we expected)
The plot of the movie was less predictable than we expected.
The second explanation was confusing. (the first)
The second explanation was less confusing than the first.
1. The issue is important. (I thought)
2. The train is punctual. (it used to be)
3. The spoons are valuable. (the candlesticks)
6. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which the word less is repeated. For example:
The idea became decreasingly attractive.
The idea became less and less attractive.
1. The wind grew decreasingly fierce.
2. The tune became decreasingly recognizable.
3. Word processors are becoming decreasingly expensive.
7. Paying attention to which adjectives form the superlative with the adverb most and which form the superlative with the ending est, fill in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives indicated in brackets. For example:
The first question is the ______________. (difficult)
The first question is the most difficult.
The last question is the _______. (easy)
The last question is the easiest.
1. Sarah is the ________________ girl in the class. (intelligent)
2. He is the _______________ boy in the school. (lucky)
3. This is the _________________ book I have ever read. (good)
4. That is the _________________ painting in the museum. (valuable)
5. Yesterday was the ________________ day of the year. (hot)
6. She is the _______________ student in the school. (new)
8. Paying attention to whether the noun to be modified is countable or uncountable, complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with the correct adjective chosen from the pair given in brackets. For example:
____ schools were closed because of the snowstorm. (many, much)
Many schools were closed because of the snowstorm.
____ time could have been saved. (many, much)
Much time could have been saved.
There are ___ buildings as beautiful as the Taj Mahal. (few, little)
There are few buildings as beautiful as the Taj Mahal.
There was ______ furniture in the room. (few, little)
There was little furniture in the room.
The storm caused ____ damage than had been expected. (fewer, less)
The storm caused less damage than had been expected.
1. There are __________ ducks in the park. (many, much)
2. __________ water is left in the pond. (few, little)
3. __________ authors are as famous as Shakespeare. (few, little)
4. How __________ rice do you have? (many, much)
5. There are __________ books on the subject which she has not read. (few, little)
6. __________ attention has been paid to the importance of the mass media. (many, much)
7. _________ people prefer soccer to football. (many, much)
8. There are ___________ stores downtown than there are in the suburbs. (fewer, less)
9. The following table shows the number of books and amount of money possessed by each of eight children.
|
Child’s Name |
Number of Books |
Amount of Money ($) |
|
Debbie |
12 |
20 |
|
Penny |
6 |
30 |
|
Alex |
4 |
10 |
|
Tim |
24 |
5 |
|
Chris |
8 |
2 |
|
Lisa |
3 |
15 |
|
Terry |
16 |
6 |
|
Helen |
2 |
3 |
Following the model of the examples, use the adjectives much and many to write sentences comparing the number of books or the amount of money possessed by the children in each of the following pairs. For example:
Debbie and Penny (books)
Debbie has twice as many books as Penny.
Alex and Debbie (money)
Alex has half as much money as Debbie.
Lisa and Helen (money)
Lisa has five times as much money as Helen.
1. Penny and Alex (money)
2. Chris and Terry (books)
3. Penny and Lisa (books)
4. Debbie and Tim (money)
5. Tim and Alex (money)
10. Rewrite each of the following sentences as a comparison, using the comparative form of the underlined adjective, and the word than. Note that the phrase a great deal of is used instead of the adjective much. For each sentence, use the word or words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
We took many photographs. (he did)
We took more photographs than he did.
He drinks a great deal of coffee. (tea)
He drinks more coffee than tea.
She has few responsibilities. (I do)
She has fewer responsibilities than I do.
There is little danger. (you think)
There is less danger than you think.
1. She reads many books. (I do)
2. They have had little success. (you have)
3. We bought a great deal of rice. (flour)
4. We had few accidents, we had expected)
5. The proposal has many advantages. (disadvantages)
6. She uses a great deal of honey. (sugar)
11. Rewrite each of the following sentences as a progressive comparison using the comparative form of the underlined adjective. For example:
Many ducks flew overhead.
More and more ducks flew overhead.
Few leaves were falling.
Fewer and fewer leaves were falling.
1. We had many adventures.
2. Few visitors remained.
3. There was little danger that we would lose our way.
4. Few trees were planted.
12. Write three sentences of your own, using the phrases similar to, different from and the same as.
13. Rewrite each of the following sentences, keeping the meaning of the sentence, but using one of the phrases similar to, different from or the same as, as appropriate. Make sure that the verb of the rewritten sentence agrees with the subject of the sentence. For example:
My essay and your essay are similar.
My essay is similar to your essay.
Their results and our results are different.
Their results are different from our results.
The price of the scarf and the price of the gloves are the same.
The price of the scarf is the same as the price of the gloves.
1. My skates and his skates look similar.
2. This book and that book are different.
3. The child’s height and the height of the table are the same.
4. This story and that story seem similar.
5. The date of the concert and the date of the play are the same.
14. Each of the following sentences contains a comparison which is logically incorrect. Rewrite the sentences, adding whatever nouns or phrases are necessary in order to make the comparisons logically correct. For example:
The price of honey was higher than sugar.
The price of honey was higher than the price of sugar.
The average rainfall for September is the same as February.
The average rainfall for September is the same as the average rainfall for February.
1. The vegetation of Europe differs from North America.
2. The taxes in Singapore are lower than Canada.
3. The invention of the clarinet occurred more recently than the flute.
4. The speed limit in residential areas is lower than uninhabited areas.
5. The grammar of English is simpler than Arabic.
15. Simplify each of the following sentences by using that or those to replace the noun or phrase which is repeated in the second part of the comparison. For example:
The song of the chickadee is more melodious than the song of the nuthatch.
The song of the chickadee is more melodious than that of the nuthatch.
The landforms of eastern Canada are similar to the landforms of Finland.
The landforms of eastern Canada are similar to those of Finland.
1. The cuisine of France is more famous than the cuisine of England.
2. The fruits of the tropics are more varied than the fruits of temperate regions.
3. The growth form of the strawberry differs from the growth form of the raspberry.
4. The freezing point of salt water is lower than the freezing point of fresh water.
5. The traditions of Austria are as fascinating as the traditions of Greece.
CHAPTER 10
1. Rewrite each of the following sentences, placing the adverb of frequency given in brackets in the middle position of the main clause. For example:
She is late for work. (rarely)
She is rarely late for work.
We visit him on Sundays. (sometimes)
We sometimes visit him on Sundays.
I have read that book before. (never)
I have never read that book before.
Yes, I do. (usually)
Yes, I usually do.
1. I had wanted to see the ocean. (always)
2. They do. (frequently)
3. She is very friendly. (usually)
4. They have the opportunity to travel. (seldom)
5. I am at home in the mornings. (generally)
6. He has. (always)
2. Rewrite each of the following sentences, placing the adverb of frequency given in brackets in the middle position of the main clause. For example:
Have you visited New York? (ever)
Have you ever visited New York?
I do not go to the library on the weekend. (always)
I do not always go to the library on the weekend.
1. He did not arrive on time. (ever)
2. Do you visit Boston? (often)
3. Are they surprised at the results? (frequently)
4. The children do not follow our instructions. (always)
3. For each of the following sentences, place the adverbs given in brackets in their most usual positions in the sentence. Place connecting adverbs in the beginning position, place adverbs of frequency in the middle position, and place adverbs of manner and adverbs of time in the end position. Adverbs of manner should precede adverbs of time. For example:
They left. (early, usually)
They usually left early.
We proceeded. (cautiously, therefore)
Therefore, we proceeded cautiously.
We will review our options. (tomorrow, carefully)
We will review our options carefully tomorrow.
1. We pick the flowers. (carefully, usually)
2. She answers. (correctly, rarely)
3. He is wrong. (however, seldom)
4. We will attend the concert. (therefore, tonight)
5. We found the hotel. (easily, nevertheless)
6. They left. (quietly, this morning)
7. She wins first prize. (always, furthermore)
4. The following sentences do not contain verbs of motion. Complete each sentence by placing the adverbs and adverb phrases given in brackets in the end position, in the following order:
Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Location
Adverb of Time
Adverb of Purpose
For example:
The tickets sold. (at the box office, quickly, this afternoon)
The tickets sold quickly at the box office this afternoon.
I bought some film. (to photograph the parade, at the store, yesterday)
I bought some film at the store yesterday to photograph the parade.
1. We ate. (at the restaurant, well, yesterday evening)
2. They will be. (next month, on business, in France)
3. The children whispered. (on Christmas Eve, excitedly, in front of the tree)
4. We hung the picture. (on the wall, carefully)
5. The birds twittered. (this morning, outside the window, loudly)
5. For each of the following sentences, paying attention to whether or not the sentence contains a verb of motion, place the adverbs and adverb phrases given in brackets in the correct order in the end position of the sentence. For example:
He lived. (for six years, happily, in Copenhagen)
He lived happily in Copenhagen for six years.
They returned. (from Holland, last week, unexpectedly)
They returned from Holland unexpectedly last week.
1. They stood. (at the bus stop, for twenty minutes, patiently)
2. We arrived. (here, last night, on foot)
3. The young child walked. (by herself, this morning, to school)
4. They were waiting. (at seven o’clock, eagerly, outside the fairgrounds)
5. She arrived. (in a black limousine, at the hotel)
6. Chickadees build their nests. (in dense evergreens, in the early spring, secretively)
6. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with is or are, as appropriate. For example:
Here __ one of the computations.
Here is one of the computations.
There ___ all of the results.
There are all of the results.
1. There _______ his brother and sister.
2. Here _______ the news.
3. There _______ several of her classmates.
4. Here _______ both of the disks.
5. There _______ a pair of pliers.
6. Here _______ a few chocolates.
7. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the underlined phrases with personal pronouns, and changing the word order as necessary. For example:
Over the treetops sailed the kite.
Over the treetops it sailed.
Here comes our teacher.
Here he comes.
1. Up the stairs dashed the reporter.
2. Onto the stage glided the ballerina.
3. Here is the butter.
4. There go the geese.
5. To and fro rode the girl on the horse.
6. Here come the children.
8. The following sentences are incorrect, because each contains a double negative. Each sentence can be corrected by omitting or altering one of the negative expressions. Write two corrected versions for each sentence. For example:
We have not got no sugar.
We have got no sugar.
or We have not got any sugar.
I have never seen nothing like it before.
I have seen nothing like it before.
or I have never seen anything like it before.
1. He does not need no advice.
2. We never go nowhere interesting.
3. I did not get none of the answers right.
4. She does not know nothing.
5. We had not met neither of the boys before.
9. For each of the following sentences, add the negative expression shown in brackets at the beginning of the sentence, and make any other changes that are necessary. For example:
I had reached home when I remembered the message. (hardly)
Hardly had I reached home when I remembered the message.
We had the opportunity to do whatever we wanted. (seldom)
Seldom did we have the opportunity to do whatever we wanted.
1. We had entered the room when the telephone rang. (scarcely)
2. I have seen a more beautiful ballet than that one. (never)
3. We realized that a dangerous stretch of road lay ahead of us. (little)
4. I have worked as hard as I could. (never before)
5. A writer can express his exact feelings in words. (rarely)
10. Paying attention to the correct word order, rewrite the underlined indirect questions as direct questions. For example:
I would like to know why you are here.
Why are you here?
I wonder how often he comes here.
How often does he come here?
Tell me where you have been.
Where have you been?
1. I want to know how much money you collected.
2. I wonder where they were.
3. Tell me why I should attend the meeting.
4. I would like to know when he finds time for his hobbies.
5. Do you know why she left school?
6. I am curious to know how many times you have seen this movie.
11. Paying attention to the correct word order, use the phrases given in brackets to rewrite the following direct questions as indirect questions. For example:
Where is the nearest store? (Please find out)
Please find out where the nearest store is.
How many boxes of paper did he order? (We need to know)
We need to know how many boxes of paper he ordered.
Why has she not finished the assignment? (I will ask her)
I will ask her why she has not finished the assignment.
1. Why is the information not here? (Please tell me)
2. When will they finish work? (Did you ask)
3. Where has she studied? (I wonder)
4. How many pounds of cherries did you sell? (Tell us)
5. Why was the meeting cancelled? (Will you tell me)
6. How long will the trip take? (I wonder)
CHAPTER 11
1. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. For example:
The letter was ________ legible. (scarce)
The letter was scarcely legible.
He did the work as _________ as possible. (careful)
He did the work as carefully as possible.
They won the game ______. (easy)
They won the game easily.
She handled the situation very _______. (capable)
She handled the situation very capably.
I _____ expected that to happen. (full)
I fully expected that to happen.
The view was _____ magnificent. (true)
The view was truly magnificent.
The theory has never been ______________ proved. (scientific)
The theory has never been scientifically proved.
1. I was __________ impressed by their courage. (due)
2. The children chattered _____________. (noisy)
3 The sun shone _____________ behind the clouds. (pale)
4. They have settled in ______________. (comfortable)
5. He _______________ maintained his point of view. (dogmatic)
6. Everything is proceeding ___________. (normal)
7. Please drive ____________. (slow)
8. She worked _____________ until nine o’clock. (steady)
9. The cost of fuel has risen ______________. (dramatic)
10. He _____________ scrambled up the slope. (agile)
2. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. For example:
He hit the ball ____. (hard)
He hit the ball hard.
The newspaper is delivered _____. (daily)
The newspaper is delivered daily.
She did ____ in the competition. (good)
She did well in the competition.
Please close the door _______. (quiet)
Please close the door quietly.
1. I drove ____________ home. (straight)
2. We came to work ____________. (early)
3. She ____________ filled in the answers. (quick)
4. He like to drive ____________. (fast)
5. We proceeded ______________. (cautious)
6. He threw the ball ____________ into the air. (high)
7. How __________ do you know her? (good)
3. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to be placed in the blank modifies a noun or a verb, and complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
It is necessary to wear _____ clothes in the winter. (thick)
It is necessary to wear thick clothes in the winter.
Snow fell _______ on the ground. (thick)
Snow fell thickly on the ground.
1. We ______________ concluded the deal. (successful)
2. He is a ______________ businessman. (successful)
3. There was a ___________ rain in the morning. (light)
4. She ran ____________ up the steps. (light)
5. The path was ____________ marked. (clear)
6. We gave him a ____________ signal to continue. (clear)
7. I ___________ disagree with you. (strong)
8. There is a ____________ wind from the north. (strong)
4. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to be placed in the blank modifies a noun or an adjective, and complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
A ____ wooden fence surrounded the playground. (high)
A high wooden fence surrounded the playground.
A ______ skilled worker will be required for this job. (high)
A highly skilled worker will be required for this job.
1. They have a _________ front lawn. (wide)
2. He has challenged a __________ held theory. (wide)
3. Every author likes to receive ___________ book reviews. (favorable)
4. ____________ situated farms often produce higher yields than other farms. (favorable)
5. Many ______________ incomprehensible phenomena have been explained with the help of modern science. (previous)
6. Many _____________ city councils have succeeded in balancing the budget. (previous)
7. ____________ weather conditions have prevailed for the past ten days. (unusual)
5. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to be placed in the blank modifies the verb or the subject of the verb, and complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
We tasted the soup ____________. (suspicious)
We tasted the soup suspiciously.
The meal tasted _________. (delicious)
The meal tasted delicious.
1. The moon appeared ____________ between the clouds. (brief)
2. He looked ______________. (happy)
3. He looked ______________ at the timetable. (attentive)
4. We felt ____________ after supper. (sleepy)
5. After the lights went out, we felt our way ____________ to our rooms. (sleepy)
6. Rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form of the adverb, and the word than. For each sentence, use the word or words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
The living room was furnished elegantly. (the study)
The living room was furnished more elegantly than the study.
Because they were nervous, they performed badly. (they should have)
Because they were nervous, they performed worse than they should have.
1. The train travels fast. (the bus)
2. In the morning, the sun shone brightly. (in the afternoon)
3. The footpath runs straight. (the road)
4. Joe sings badly. (Rick)
5. I got up early. (you did)
6. The wild deer came near. (I had expected)
7. Rewrite the following sentences, using progressive comparisons instead of the adverb increasingly, and using the expression less and less instead of the adverb decreasingly. For example:
The rain fell increasingly heavily.
The rain fell more and more heavily.
The wind blew increasingly hard.
The wind blew harder and harder.
Finally, the rain drummed decreasingly loudly on the roof.
Finally, the rain drummed less and less loudly on the roof.
1. As the evening wore on, we spoke decreasingly animatedly.
2. The spectators cheered increasingly loudly.
3. The chirping of the crickets disturbed us increasingly little.
4. As he grew older, he walked increasingly far.
8. Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the adverb to the superlative form, and using the definite article the. Use the words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
This window opens easily. (of all the windows in the room)
This window opens the most easily of all the windows in the room.
He plays this piece well. (of anyone in the band)
He plays this piece the best of anyone in the band.
1. She understood the lesson readily. (of all the pupils in the class)
2. This kite flies badly. (of all the kites I have ever made)
3. That train leaves early. (of all the trains departing from this station)
4. Last night it snowed hard. (of any night in the year)
5. The potato field produces little. (of all the fields on the farm)
6. This highway runs straight. (of all the highways in the country)
7. She speaks quietly. (of all the people I know)
9. Paying attention to the sentence structure, complete each of the following sentences correctly by filling in the blank with the positive, comparative, or superlative form of the adverb given in brackets. For example:
We clapped as ______ as we could. (loudly)
We clapped as loudly as we could.
They arrived _____________ than they had expected. (promptly)
They arrived more promptly than we had expected.
She swam the ________ of all the girls in the school. (far)
She swam the farthest of all the girls in the school.
The more you study, the ______ you will do on the test. (well)
The more you study, the better you will do on the test.
1. Cheetahs run the _______________ of all mammals. (fast)
2. We described our experiences as ______________ as we could. (vividly)
3. The more encores she sings, the _____________________ the audience applauds. (enthusiastically)
4. He ractices the ___________________ of all the members of the team. (diligently)
5. The ___________ you study, the poorer your marks will be. (little)
6. He explains his ideas ____________________ than you do. (convincingly)
7. They wrote as _________________ as possible. (intelligibly)
8. Seagulls fly ______________ than ducks do. (well)
CHAPTER 12
1. Paying attention to the meanings of the prepositions, fill in the blanks with the most appropriate prepositions chosen from those given in brackets. For example:
She made a speech _____ the future of the school. (about, around)
She made a speech about the future of the school.
D comes _______ C and E in the alphabet. (between, beyond)
D comes between C and E in the alphabet.
1. This train travels from London ______ Paris. (at, to)
2. We stood at the back ______ the theater. (of, on)
3. She went to Rome __________ France. (versus, via)
4. The store is open daily ________ Monday to Friday. (for, from)
5. I took my hat ________ the table. (of, off)
6. He looks ________ his brother. (despite, like)
7. The children ran ________ the school. (of, out of)
8. He opened the box ________ a screwdriver. (at, with)
9. I will work _________ five o’clock. (until, up)
10. We walked __________ the restaurant. (despite, past)
2. Paying attention to the uses of the prepositions among, at, beside, besides, between, for, in, on and since, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from those given in brackets. For example:
They live __ 359 Southdale Avenue. (at, on)
They live at 359 Southdale Avenue.
The meeting will take place __ Tuesday. (at, on)
The meeting will take place on Tuesday.
We have been traveling ___ several days. (for, since)
We have been traveling for several days.
She has been working _____ six o’clock this morning. (for, since)
She has been working since six o’clock this morning.
1. He lives ______ 19 Tower Road. (at, on)
2. We will be gone ________ two days. (for, since)
3. Tom and his friend will divide the money ___________ themselves. (among, between)
4. They will be returning ______ November. (in, on)
5. I have known him ________ three years. (for, since)
6. Many foods ____________ milk contain calcium. (beside, besides)
7. I will arrive ______ six o’clock. (at, in)
8. He has been gone __________ Friday. (for, since)
9. The store is located ______ North Street. (at, on)
10. She is leaving ______ five minutes. (at, in)
3. Fill in the blanks with the missing prepositions. For example:
She wants to leave __ once.
She wants to leave at once.
I brought the wrong book __ mistake.
I brought the wrong book by mistake.
1. Since the restaurant is usually crowded, it is advisable to make reservations _________ advance.
2. Because we have no car, we go everywhere ________ foot.
3. I was __________ breath after running up the long flight of stairs.
4. We walked out of the room ________ tiptoe, so as not to disturb the sleeping baby.
5. Inside your passport, you should write the name of your next ______ kin.
6. We made out the report ________ triplicate.
7. Citrus fruits, _________ example oranges and lemons, require a long growing season.
8. The movie seemed to go on forever, but _______ last it was over.
9. She is so busy, she always seems to be _______ a hurry.
10. Many people believe birds are incapable of reasoning, but ______ fact, some birds are quite intelligent.
4. For each underlined word or phrase, substitute an idiom containing the preposition indicated in brackets. For example:
She came punctually. (on)
She came on time.
His remarks were brief and relevant. (to)
His remarks were brief and to the point.
1. Incidentally, I heard that there is a sale at the bookstore. (by)
2. What do you do as a profession? (for)
3. The boy left his books at school deliberately. (on)
4. There is a great deal to be won or lost. (at)
5. Before long, the ship had cast off and was moving. (under)
6. The violin strings are not at the correct pitch. (out of)
7. Her paintings are being exhibited at the library. (on)
8. The university operates with a very small amount of money. (on)
9. Occasionally we have a picnic by the river. (in)
10. There are no job openings in the company now. (at)
5. Paying attention to the nouns which are usually followed by certain prepositions, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
Do you have any objection ___ my plan? (on, to)
Do you have any objection to my plan?
She has a good attitude ______ her job. (of, toward)
She has a good attitude toward her job.
1. We played a joke ______ him. (of, on)
2. Who else has access ______ the computer files? (of, to)
3. I have no recollection ______ the event. (of, on)
4. Missing the bus is no excuse _______ being late. (for, of)
5. I have confidence _______ his ability. (for, in)
6. That is only one example ______ what I mean. (in, of)
7. Pay close attention _______ the traffic signals. (for, to)
8. She takes an active interest ______ community events. (in, of)
9. Do you have any proof ______ that? (of, to)
10. You should make allowances _______ their lack of experience. (for, on)
6. Paying attention to the adjectives which are usually followed by certain prepositions, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
We were curious _____ what they were doing. (about, for)
We were curious about what they were doing. (about, for)
The design of most computers is based __ binary arithmetic. (for, on)
The design of most computers is based on binary arithmetic.
1. We are ready _______ anything. (for, to)
2. I was anxious ________ her. (about, to)
3. Photographic film is sensitive ______ light. (of, to)
4. Seals are adapted ______ life in the water. (at, to)
5. He is descended ________ Mary, Queen of Scots. (from, of)
6. Cotton is more resistant _______ fire than nylon is. (for, to)
7. After the show, the radio station was besieged ________ telephone calls. (from, with)
8. She was praised _______ her achievements. (for, to)
9. The public library is accessible ________ everyone. (to, with)
10. Are you familiar ________ the procedures? (for, with)
7. Paying attention to the verbs which are usually followed by certain prepositions, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
He likes listening __ music. (on, to)
He likes listening to music.
They cooperated ____ one another. (of, with)
They cooperated with one another.
1. Heat and light radiate ________ the sun. (from, of)
2. Where the event will be held depends ______ the weather. (of, on)
3. She loves to quote ________ Shakespeare’s plays. (from, to)
4. You need to concentrate ________ what you are doing. (into, on)
5. The students protested __________ the high student fees. (against, from)
6. A balanced meal consists _______ vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. (of, with)
7. Twenty people applied ________ the job. (for, with)
8. She likes to participate ________ extracurricular activities. (in, with)
9. He paid ________ the meal. (for, on)
10. We do not approve ________ that type of behavior. (of, in)
CHAPTER 13
1. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brackets for the underlined word or phrase. For example:
I will request a bus schedule. (ask for, stand for)
I will ask for a bus schedule.
Don't worry. They won't make fun of you. (call on, laugh at)
Don't worry. They won't laugh at you.
1. She resembles her mother. (looks after, takes after)
2. We perused the report. (sided with, waded through)
3. I will adhere to what I said before. (burst into, stick to)
4. We will demand a review of the situation. (call for, guard against)
5. His parents disapprove of his participating in so many extracurricular activities. (bank on, frown on)
2. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the object of the preposition to a pronoun. For example:
He lived on a small allowance.
He lived on it.
I sided with my brother.
I sided with him.
1. We are counting on our friends.
2. Will you stick to the agreement?
3. She takes after her grandmother.
4. No one has tampered with the letters.
3. For each of the following sentences, place the adverb of manner given in brackets between the verb and the preposition. For example:
He deals in rare stamps. (exclusively)
He deals exclusively in rare stamps.
The introduction touches on the main points. (briefly)
The introduction touches briefly on the main points.
1. He dealt with every objection to his plan. (confidently)
2. She sided with her friend. (unhesitatingly)
3. We cut across the lawn. (quickly)
4. Since we were very hungry, we settled for bread and potatoes. (uncomplainingly)
4. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brackets for the underlined word or phrase. For example:
He will leave tomorrow morning. (level off, set off)
He will set off tomorrow morning.
The storm will soon pass. (blow over, boil over)
The storm will soon blow over.
1. I hope she arrives soon. (stays up, shows up)
2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (buckles down, nods off)
3. We saw the plane land. (settle down, touch down)
4. I told her to beware. (pass out, watch out)
5. Someone should intervene before the situation gets worse. (pull in, step in)
5. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brackets for the underlined word or phrase. For example:
He refused to support what I had said. (back up, hold back)
He refused to back up what I had said.
The game was canceled because of the rain. (called off, phased out)
The game was called off because of the rain.
1. He raised a difficult question. (brought up, filled up)
2. She is good at assessing people. (buttering up, sizing up)
3. We should de-emphasize the dangers of the situation. (hand down, play down)
4. I am returning the raincoat I borrowed. (backing up, giving back)
5. The wine had been diluted. (played down, watered down)
6. I want to organize my photographs. (sort out, try out)
6. The following sentences contain transitive phrasal verbs which consist of verbs followed by adverbs. Rewrite each sentence, changing the object of the verb to a pronoun, and placing the pronoun object in the correct position in the sentence. For example:
I picked up the clothes.
I picked them up.
1. We ironed out the difficulties.
2. She called up her sister.
3. We sent back the material.
4. He sent out the invitations.
5. I gave away the bicycle.
7. For each of the following sentences, determine whether the underlined object indicates where the action took place, or what was acted upon, and fill in the blank with where or what, as appropriate. Then rewrite the sentence, changing the object to a pronoun, and placing the pronoun object in the correct position in the sentence.
If the object indicates where, place the pronoun object after the preposition; however, if the object indicates what, place the pronoun object before the adverb. For example:
I looked up the staircase. _____
I looked up the staircase. where
I looked up it.
I looked up the word. ____
I looked up the word. what
I looked it up.
1. I turned off the light. ________
2. She walked into the room. _________
3. He climbed up the ladder. _________
4. They sent in the report. _________
5. Children should not play on the road. _________
6. We set off the fireworks. _________
7. Please put on some music. _________
8. We turned off the main road. _________
9. I cut up the cake. _________
10. The plane flew over the lake. _________
8. Following the instructions for the previous exercise, fill in each blank with where or what. Then rewrite each sentence to include the adverb of manner given in brackets. If the object indicates where, place the adverb of manner between the verb and the preposition; however, if the object indicates what, place the adverb of manner before the verb. For example:
I walked across the bridge. _____ (quickly)
I walked across the bridge. where
I walked quickly across the bridge.
We tidied up the papers. ____ (hurriedly)
We tidied up the papers. what
We hurriedly tidied up the papers.
1. The car slipped off the road. _________ (suddenly)
2. We lifted up the buckets. ________ (wearily)
3. The cable cars moved up the hill. ________ (slowly)
4. She let down the dress. _________ (carefully)
5. The book had been placed on the table. _________ (neatly)
9. Paying attention to whether the last word in the clause is a preposition or an adverb, for each of the following sentences, underline the word which would usually be stressed in spoken English. For example:
Why did you go out?
Why did you go out?
This is what you asked for.
This is what you asked for.
1. What time did you get up?
2. What are you looking at?
3. The following idea has been put forward.
4. Which group did you come with?
5. What are they searching for?
6. Is he moving away?
10. For each of the following sentences, paying attention to whether the word following the verb is usually used as a preposition or as an adverb in a phrasal verb, change the object to a pronoun object and place it in the correct position in the sentence. For example:
How did you deal with the situation?
How did you deal with it?
We put away the books.
We put them away.
1. Let us look into the possibility.
2. Who brought up the question?
3. Remember to rub out the mistakes.
4. Perhaps we can reason with your uncle.
5. They had to turn away twenty people.
6. We have scaled down our operation.
11. For each of the following sentences, paying attention to whether the phrasal verb consists of a verb followed by a preposition or a verb followed by an adverb, change the object to a pronoun, and place it in the correct position in the sentence. For example:
Squirrels can survive on nuts.
Squirrels can survive on them.
Did you try on the new shoes?
Did you try them on?
1. I know I can count on my friends.
2. They put off the rehearsal.
3. I stumbled across an interesting story.
4. He is good at putting across his ideas.
5. We watched over the children.
6. She hung around the museum.
12. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brackets for the underlined word or phrase. For example:
Don't try to avoid it. (walk away with, wriggle out of)
Don't try to wriggle out of it.
1. What does that amount to? (add up to, lead up to)
2. He is trying to compensate for the time he lost. (look out for, make up for)
3. I want to continue my studies. (carry on with, get in on)
4. We want to focus on new developments. (fall back on, zero in on)
5. Do you think you can overtake the others? (catch up with, look down on)
6. We want to abolish the waiting period. (come down to, do away with)
CHAPTER 14
1. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
I would like to come, ___ I do not have time. (but, nor)
I would like to come, but I do not have time.
He has not written, ___ has he called me. (but, nor)
He has not written, nor has he called me.
1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)
2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet)
4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or)
2. Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate. For example:
We should either walk quickly __ take the bus.
We should either walk quickly or take the bus.
I had scarcely sat down ____ the telephone rang.
I had scarcely sat down when the telephone rang.
1. I have both respect _________ admiration for them.
2. Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _________ the answer leapt to my mind.
3. It will rain either today _________ tomorrow.
4. He could not decide whether to tell the truth _________ keep silent.
5. It was not only a beautiful day, ___________ the first day of Spring.
6. If you follow the instructions, __________ you should have no difficulty.
7. He is neither proud _________ condescending.
3. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
I went for a walk _______ the sun was shining. (because, otherwise)
I went for a walk because the sun was shining.
Do you know _______ the stores are open today? (as if, whether)
Do you know whether the stores are open today?
1. We recognized her at once, ____________ we had not seen her for years. (although, in case)
2. He kept reading ___________ he fell asleep. (for, until)
3. The moon will rise ____________ the sun sets. (as soon as, than)
4. It looks ____________ the train will be late. (while, as though)
5. ____________ she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than)
6. We will not go skiing ____________ the weather is good. (as if, unless)
7. ____________ he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For)
8. ____________ I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that)
9. They have known her ___________ she was a child. (until, since)
4. For each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the blank with either the conjunction or the preposition given in brackets. For example:
_______ my warning, they went ahead with their plan. (Although, Despite)
Despite my warning, they went ahead with their plan.
________ the sun was shining, the water was cold. (Although, Despite)
Although the sun was shining, the water was cold.
The price of oranges is high, __________ frost damage. (because, because of)
The price of oranges is high, because of frost damage. (because, because of)
I went to see the play, _______ it had good reviews. (because, because of)
I went to see the play, because it had good reviews. (because, because of)
1. We stayed up late, ____________ we were tired. (although, despite)
2. They went swimming, ____________ the coldness of the water. (although, despite)
3. I enjoy the course, ____________ the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of)
4. She looks ___________ your sister. (as if, like)
5. Please wait ___________ I make a phone call. (during, while)
6. Did you hear any noises ____________ the night? (during, while)
7. It looked ____________ we would not be able to leave until the next day. (as if, like)
8. We all felt tired ____________ the hot weather. (because, because of)
5. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the correct connecting adverbs chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
Will you come with me? _________ I shall have to go alone. (Also, Otherwise)
Will you come with me? Otherwise I shall have to go alone.
She is kind. _______, she is rather forgetful. (However, Consequently)
She is kind. However, she is rather forgetful.
1. The work was new to me. ____________, it did not seem difficult. (Consequently, Nevertheless)
2. Continue along Queen Street. ____________ turn left. (Then, Therefore)
3. It was very misty. ______________, we could not get a clear view of the mountain. (Hence, However)
4. We had walked several miles. ____________, we did not feel tired. (Accordingly, Still)
5. She is a talented actress. ____________, she is very beautiful. (Moreover, Thus)
6. We take the bus every day. __________, we are familiar with the bus route. (Nevertheless, Thus)
6. Paying attention to the structure of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the conjunctions or connecting adverbs given in brackets. Make sure that the sentences conform to the rules of correct formal English. For example:
It was very hot. ____________, we decided to go swimming. (Consequently, So)
It was very hot. Consequently, we decided to go swimming.
It was very hot, __ we decided to go swimming. (Consequently, So)
It was very hot, so we decided to go swimming.
1. I have invited him. ____________, I have invited his sister. (Also, And)
2. He walked up to the door ____________ knocked. (and, likewise)
3. The bus fare is expensive; ____________, I prefer to walk. (so, therefore)
4. She is well-educated. ____________, she has very good manners. (And, Besides)
5. I would rather travel by train, ___________ the bus leaves earlier. (but, however)
6. We were born in this village; ____________, we know everyone here. (hence, so that)
7. Put less wood on the fire, ___________ it will be too smoky. (or, otherwise)
8. They got off the train. __________ they began to search for a hotel. (And, Then)
9. She studied for many months; ____________, she knew the material thoroughly. (consequently, so that)
10. The weather was hot; ____________, the air was humid. (and, moreover)
7. The following sentences are incorrect, because they contain correlative conjunctions, but do not use parallel construction. Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction. For example:
He owns both a typewriter and he has a word processor.
Corrected: He owns both a typewriter and a word processor.
I prefer either to read or going hiking.
Corrected: I prefer either to read or to go hiking.
1. The train proceeded neither quickly nor was it smooth.
2. They will leave either today or they will go tomorrow.
3. The child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night.
4. She is neither kind nor has patience.
5. He is not only talented, but also he has charm.
8. The following sentences are incorrect, because they present lists of ideas, but do not use parallel construction. Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction. For example:
The air was cool, dry, and was clear.
Corrected: The air was cool, dry, and clear.
He has started making kites and to fly them.
Corrected: He has started making kites and flying them.
1. We walked out of the door, down the steps and went across the street.
2. She loves singing, dancing and to play the piano.
3. The wind moaned, shrieked and was howling.
4. The music was fast, brilliant and sounded exciting.
5. He proposes to borrow money, open a store and going into business.